{"id":9986,"date":"2026-01-27T08:00:00","date_gmt":"2026-01-27T08:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/?p=9986"},"modified":"2025-10-10T17:37:37","modified_gmt":"2025-10-10T17:37:37","slug":"looking-at-ekaterina-velmezova-and-kalevi-kulls-article-2017-boris-uspenskij-part-5-of-19","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/?p=9986","title":{"rendered":"Looking at Ekaterina Velmezova and Kalevi Kull’s Article (2017) “Boris Uspenskij…” (Part 5 of 19)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

0436 Okay, I am still on page 419.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Allow me to reflect on the virtual nested form in the category of secondness,<\/em> highlighted in the following figure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

0437 The text2b<\/sub> is the form of interest<\/em> to the expert on literature.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From this form2bf<\/sub>, I proceed both forwards and backwards.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

0438 Going forwards, the form of the literary text2bf<\/sub><\/em> offers textual phenomena that can be observed1c<\/sub><\/em> in the normal context of exact methods3c<\/sub><\/em>.  The disciplinary language of exact methods3c<\/sub><\/em> contributes to the construction of semiological structural models2c<\/sub><\/em>.  Plus, the semiological structuralist model2c<\/sub><\/em> is capable of replacing the literary text2bf<\/sub> itself,<\/em> in the same way that a model<\/em> can substitute for its noumenon<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

0439 Going backwards, the form of the literary text3bf<\/sub><\/em>  is substantiated by language as matter2bm<\/sub><\/em>.  Language as matter2bm<\/sub><\/em> virtually emerges from and situates Saussure’s definition of language,<\/em> with parole2af<\/sub><\/em> as form and langue2am<\/sub><\/em>as matter.  The content-level hylomorphe2a<\/sub><\/em> is one way to express a definition of spoken language<\/em> as two arbitrarily related systems of differences<\/em>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

This process applies to whatever form can substitute for a literary text2bf<\/sub>,<\/em> including the visual arts, songs and many other expressions of language2bm<\/sub>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

0440 So, what does the label, “exact methods3c<\/sub>“, imply?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The label implies that contradictions among and within these three actualities, each on its own level, have been minimized by scholarly rigor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

0441 What have I learned?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The literary text2bf<\/sub> is of interest to the scholar of um… aesthetics.  Aesthetics covers more than literary texts, so the slot may be occupied by other artistic endeavors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Contradictions within the virtual nested form in the category of secondness<\/em> are minimized with exact methods.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

0442 Now, I hone in on the situation-level actuality2b<\/sub><\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

0443 Language2bm<\/sub> corresponds to the esse_ce of the dyad<\/em>.  Esse_ce<\/em> is an anglicized version of the Latin word, “esse”<\/em>, corresponding to “matter substantiating”.  The matter of language2bm<\/sub><\/em> virtually arises from Saussure’s definition of spoken language as two arbitrarily related systems of differences<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

0444 Saussure’s definition of language<\/em> applies to speech-alone talk in our current Lebenswelt<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

0445 Dare I mention that language<\/em> evolves in the Lebenswelt that we evolved in?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the Lebenswelt that we evolved in,<\/em> parole<\/em> (a hand-talk manual-brachial word-gesture) pictures or points to a pre-existing langue<\/em> (a referent).  The relation is not arbitrary.  The relation works because of the naturalness of iconic and indexal sign-relations<\/em>.  Manual-brachial word-gestures<\/em> become more and more linguistic<\/em> as gestures themselves become both habitual and easily distinguishable<\/em>.  In short, they become more packaged.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

0446 Saussure’s definition of language<\/em> treats all spoken words<\/em> as packages of thoughts and utterances<\/em>.  These packages are conventional sign-relations<\/em>.  The key word is “convention”.  In Peirce’s terminology, a symbol<\/em> is a sign-relation whose sign-object is based on habit, convention, tradition, rules and so forth<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So, back in the Lebenswelt that we evolved in,<\/em> habitual use makes iconic and indexal gestures<\/em> more symbolic<\/em>.  So does a natural preference for easy registration<\/em> (rather than haphazard guessing).  This is why language<\/em> (as defined by Saussure) evolves in the cultural milieu of hand talk<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

0447 A terminological trick<\/em> is necessary to distinguish between hand-talk<\/em> in periods two and three of hominin evolution, as noted in Comments on Michael Tomasello’s Arc of Inquiry (1999-2019),<\/em> by Razie Mah, available at smashwords and other e-book venues. (Also see Razie Mah’s series of blogs from January through March, 2024).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Protolinguistic hand-talk<\/em> pertains only to sensible construction (and occurs in teams (15)).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fully linguistic hand-talk<\/em> permits both sensible and social construction (and occurs in community (150)).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

0448 Language2bm<\/sub> as matter,<\/em> the esse_ce of the situation-level actuality2bm<\/sub>,<\/em> contains an old, evolved expectation that each gestural word [pictures and points to] its referent<\/em>.  The visual gestural word as form<\/em> [entangles] its visual referent as matter<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Over time, this entanglement resolves, leaving the paradigm that stands on the content-level of the fundament interscope.  Langue2am<\/sub> [substantiates] parole2af<\/sub>.  Note how the hylomorphic actuality presents a referent as matter<\/em> and a manual-brachial word-gesture as form<\/em>.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

0449 These relational expectations2a<\/sub> are implicit, not explicit, abstractions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

They2a<\/sub> are adaptations to the Lebenswelt that we evolved in<\/em>.  They2a<\/sub> are adaptations to hand-talk.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yes, there is a twist.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We practice speech-alone talk in our current Lebenswelt<\/em>.  Our langue2am<\/sub> is not ‘something’ that can be pictured or pointed to<\/em>.  Sometimes, ‘something’ will be an artifact that one can picture and point to.  Often, ‘something’ cannot be pictured or pointed to.  Rather, it has been explicitly defined.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Consequently, while a spoken parole3af<\/sub> is readily identified, its langue2am<\/sub> as matter may be… um… difficult to ascertain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

0450 The literary text2bf<\/sub><\/em> is the essence of the situation-level actuality2b<\/sub><\/em>.  “Essence” means “substantiated form”.  This essence cannot be reduced to psychological processes or sociological conditions, as Freudians and Marxists are eager do to.  Nor can it be reduced to a transmitter in a communication system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

0451 Just as language2bm<\/sub> is structured3b<\/sub> by its mother tongue or by an association of specialists, a literary text2bf<\/sub> is structured according all sorts of typologies3b<\/sub>, just like forms, in general.  A poem does not read like a scientific report.  Indeed, a semiological3a<\/sub> structuralist3b<\/sub> model2c<\/sub> of a enchanting poem2bf<\/sub> may have all the allure of a scientific report.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Such is the genius of applying the term, “exact methods3c<\/sub>“, to describe the perspective-level normal context.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

0436 Okay, I am still on page 419. Allow me to reflect on the virtual nested form in the category of secondness, highlighted in the following figure. 0437 The text2b is the form of interest to the expert on literature. From this form2bf, I proceed both forwards and backwards. 0438 Going forwards, the form of the literary text2bf offers textual phenomena that can […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[418],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-9986","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-article-review"],"yoast_head":"\nLooking at Ekaterina Velmezova and Kalevi Kull's Article (2017) "Boris Uspenskij..." 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