{"id":7085,"date":"2023-12-06T08:00:00","date_gmt":"2023-12-06T08:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/?p=7085"},"modified":"2023-11-18T15:53:35","modified_gmt":"2023-11-18T15:53:35","slug":"looking-at-daniel-dennetts-book-2017-from-bacteria-to-bach-and-back-part-16-of-20","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/?p=7085","title":{"rendered":"Looking at Daniel Dennett’s Book (2017) “From Bacteria To Bach and Back” (Part 16 of 20)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

0157 Now that I have arrived at a technical definition of the term, “meme”, within the framework of postmodern scholasticism,<\/em> I may examine chapter nine of Dennett’s book (“The Role of Words in Cultural Evolution”) and chapter twelve (“The Origins of Language”).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

0158 Dennett’s argument goes like this.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Words are a key ingredients to culture, because they belong to language.  Spoken words make excellent examples of memes.  Spoken words are like viruses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But, I wonder, what about hand-talk words?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

0159 Apparently, the idea that language evolves in the milieu of hand talk<\/em> does not cross Dennett’s mind.  Indeed, many evolutionary biologists treat culture, in general, and language, in particular, as the actuality independent of the adapting species2a<\/sub>,<\/em> rather than an adaptation2b<\/sub><\/em>.  Why?  They are convinced that humans have no ultimate niche, only a blend of proximate niches, all of which offer material or instrumental advantages or challenges.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

0160 Au contraire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the masterwork, The Human Niche<\/em> (by Razie Mah, available at smashwords and other e-book venues), our lineage adapts to an ultimate niche1b<\/sub>, the potential1b<\/sub> of triadic relations2a<\/sub>,<\/em> as well as diverse proximate niches, including various Pliocene and Pleistocene ecologies and environments<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Practical language2b<\/sub> is an adaptation to team activities and contributes to the expansion of the hominin neocortex between 2000kyr (thousands of years ago) and 800kyr.  Hand talk evolves from pantomime to rudimentary (team-specific) grammars.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

General language2b<\/sub> is an adaptation that evolves within the milieu of hand talk,<\/em> after the domestication of fire, around 800kyr (800 thousand years ago).  Hand talk evolves from rudimentary team-specific languages<\/em> to fully grammatical general languages<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here is a picture of the latter step.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

0161 What is language in the milieu of hand talk?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hand-talk consists of manual-brachial gestures.  Manual-brachial gestures work (that is, have the character of memes) because they picture or point to their referents.  In terms of semiotics, manual-brachial gestures are icons and indexes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When these are routinized, symbolic processing starts to occur, enhancing the distinctiveness of each gesture, and turning each into a word-gesture in a system of differences<\/em>.  The modern linguist, Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913 AD) defines “spoken language” as two arbitrarily related systems of differences, parole <\/em>(speech) and langue<\/em> (mental action).  A finite system of differences (for Saussure) is a symbolic order (for Peirce).  Grammar<\/em> consists of operations within a symbolic order<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In hand talk, the relation between parole<\/em> and langue<\/em> is motivated by the natural sign characteristics of hand-talk words.  Manual-brachial gestures are icons and indexes. Gestures<\/em> image and indicate their referents<\/em>.  At the same time, hand talk also routinizes gestures into words.  Words operate as symbols.  They form a symbolic order.  A symbolic order allows grammar.  Grammar <\/em>makes hand talk<\/em> linguistic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

0162 Our ancestors never imagine that their gesture-words are icons, indexes or symbols.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nevertheless, they become better and better at hand talk.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

0163 How do manual-brachial word gestures<\/em> fit the definition of meme?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A perspective-level actuality2c<\/sub><\/em> may be a conviction that cannot be explicitly expressed using iconic and indexal signs<\/em>.  After all, how can a hand-talk word<\/em> point to or picture a species impressa2a<\/sub>, a species expressa2b<\/sub><\/em> or a species intelligibilis2c<\/sub>?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nevertheless, the conviction2c<\/sub><\/em> is real.  Plus, if the hypothesis proposed in The Human Niche<\/em> is credible, and if the scholastic interscope for how humans think<\/em> describes what it claims to describe,<\/em> then conviction2c<\/sub> is an adaptation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So, how do our ancestors express their convictions2c<\/sub>?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

They express their convictions through hand-talk expressions2a<\/sub><\/em> (SOi<\/sub>) in the normal context of what is happening3a<\/sub><\/em> and with the potential of ‘something’ happening1a<\/sub><\/em> (SIi<\/sub>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Then, the hand-talk words2a<\/sub> are linguistically decoded into an icon or index (SVs<\/sub>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

0167 Here is a picture of hand-talk<\/em> as a meme.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

0168 Before general language, the practical hand-talk languages of each team activity<\/em> are distinct and only occur within the normal context of each team activity<\/em>.  Many of the characteristics that we associate with spoken words remind me of how hand-talk languages adapt to the crucible of team activities<\/em>.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

During the team activity, conviction2c<\/sub> judges whether the ongoing content-level normal context of what is happening3a<\/sub><\/em>supports the ongoing situation-level normal context of what this means to me3b<\/sub>.<\/em>  This conviction2c<\/sub><\/em> (SVi<\/sub>) substantiates hand-talk words<\/em> (SOi<\/sub>) that either maintain the situation-level potential1b<\/sub> in the face of content-level potentials1a<\/sub> or not.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

0169 For example, we don’t gather mushrooms at locations where lions are known to prowl.  Plus, when a lion is nearby, everyone wants to get back to the band.  There are hand-talk words<\/em> that convey these tidbits of semantic information<\/em>.  We expect that our words refer to things<\/em> and states of things<\/em>.  We expect our words to be honest<\/em>.  We insist that certain words are used appropriately<\/em>.  We expect words to contribute to our awareness of the ongoing situation<\/em>.  We expect words to convey, sometimes with comic zeal, what is happening<\/em> and what it means to me<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

0170 So, is there a problem with this scenario?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Have you noticed that no one talks with their hands anymore?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the masterwork, An Archaeology of the Fall<\/em> (by Razie Mah, available at smashwords and other e-book venues), around 7800 years ago, the only culture on Earth practicing speech-alone talk<\/em> is the Ubaid of southern Mesopotamia<\/em>.  All other Epipaleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic cultures practice hand-speech talk<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

0171 Why?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For one, speech is added to hand talk at the start of our species, before 200kyr.  Our human ancestors practice a dual mode of talking, hand-speech talk,<\/em> for over 190 thousand years. Then, the first singularity occurs.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

For two, the first singularity starts with the Ubaid of southern Mesopotamia<\/em>.  Today, all civilizations practice speech-alone talk.  In fact, every civilization throughout history practices speech-alone talk, raising the question, asking, “Did the adoption of speech-alone talk potentiate civilization?”<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For three, the answer is yes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

0172 Here is a picture of speech-alone talk<\/em> as a meme.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The difference between hand-talk words and speech-alone words may seem subtle.  Nevertheless, the difference is substantial.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

0173 Hand-talk and hand-speech talk<\/em> facilitate constrained social complexity<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Speech-alone talk<\/em> potentiates unconstrained social complexity<\/em>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

0157 Now that I have arrived at a technical definition of the term, “meme”, within the framework of postmodern scholasticism, I may examine chapter nine of Dennett’s book (“The Role of Words in Cultural Evolution”) and chapter twelve (“The Origins of Language”). 0158 Dennett’s argument goes like this. 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