{"id":7030,"date":"2023-12-19T08:00:00","date_gmt":"2023-12-19T08:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/?p=7030"},"modified":"2023-11-18T14:59:20","modified_gmt":"2023-11-18T14:59:20","slug":"looking-at-daniel-dennetts-book-2017-from-bacteria-to-bach-and-back-part-5-of-20","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/?p=7030","title":{"rendered":"Looking at Daniel Dennett&#8217;s Book (2017) &#8220;From Bacteria To Bach and Back&#8221; (Part 5 of 20)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>0033 Where does this notion of&nbsp;<em>specificative extrinsic formal causality<\/em>&nbsp;come from?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Comments on John Deely&#8217;s Book (1994) New Beginnings<\/em>&nbsp;is a good place to start.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>The specifying sign<\/em>&nbsp;is embedded&nbsp;<em>in a formula for sensible construction,<\/em>&nbsp;arrived at by Latin schoolmen during the later Middle Ages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Obviously, the scholastics did not know that.&nbsp;&nbsp;The discovery of&nbsp;<em>the triadic nature of the sign-relation<\/em>&nbsp;comes towards the end of centuries of philosophical inquiry and debate (say nothing of political intrigue), during a period labeled, &#8220;Baroque scholasticism&#8221;.&nbsp;&nbsp;Baroque scholars witness the end of&nbsp;<em>the Latin Age<\/em>&nbsp;at the same time that mechanical philosophers usher in the beginning of&nbsp;<em>the Age of Ideas<\/em>&nbsp;(that is, the modern period).&nbsp;&nbsp;This terminology comes from John Deely (1942-2017 AD) and appears in his massive tome,&nbsp;<em>The Four Ages<\/em>&nbsp;(2001).&nbsp;&nbsp;The four ages are the<em>&nbsp;Greek Age,<\/em>&nbsp;the<em>&nbsp;Latin Age,<\/em>&nbsp;the<em>&nbsp;Age of Ideas<\/em>and the forthcoming&nbsp;<em>Age of Triadic Relations<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0034&nbsp;<em>The category-based nested form<\/em>&nbsp;comes in handy when portraying&nbsp;<em>sensible construction<\/em>.&nbsp;&nbsp;Here is a picture for&nbsp;<em>how humans think<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Slide08-1.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Slide08-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7031\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Slide08-1.png 600w, https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Slide08-1-300x200.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>0035 There are several items to note.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>First, the actualities are Latin terms.&nbsp;&nbsp;&#8220;<em>Species<\/em>&#8221; (say it with an Italian accent, with lots of cheese) means &#8220;type of&#8221;.&nbsp;&nbsp;&#8220;<em>Impressa<\/em>&#8221; means impression or sensation or feeling.&nbsp;&nbsp;&#8220;<em>Expressa<\/em>&#8221; means perception or phantasm or emotional reaction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Second, the situation level emerges from (and virtually situates) the content level.&nbsp;&nbsp;The vertical elements are nested.&nbsp;&nbsp;<em>Species expressa<sub>2b<\/sub><\/em>&nbsp;virtually situates&nbsp;<em>species impressa<sub>1a<\/sub><\/em>.&nbsp;&nbsp;The qualifier, &#8220;virtual&#8221;, means &#8220;in virtue&#8221;, for the mind, and &#8220;in simulation&#8221;, for the brain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Third,&nbsp;<em>Aristotle&#8217;s four causes<\/em>&nbsp;allow me to appreciate&nbsp;<em>normal context<sub>3<\/sub>&nbsp;and potential<sub>1<\/sub><\/em>.&nbsp;&nbsp;<em>The four causes<\/em>&nbsp;allow me to comprehend an actuality<sub>2<\/sub>.&nbsp;&nbsp;<em>Material, instrumental, final and formal causes<\/em>&nbsp;elucidate&nbsp;<em>a category-based form<\/em>&nbsp;that incorporates&nbsp;<em>the actuality at hand<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0036 Say what?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>At the start of chapter three in Dennett&#8217;s book, titled &#8220;On the Origins of Reasons&#8221;, the author lists Aristotle&#8217;s four causes.&nbsp;&nbsp;Two of the four causes are familiar to scientists.&nbsp;&nbsp;These are the material and efficient (or instrumental) causes.&nbsp;&nbsp;The other two causes are ruled out by the positivist intellect.&nbsp;&nbsp;These are formal and final causes.&nbsp;&nbsp;Today, formal and final causalities are not regarded as &#8220;scientific&#8221; at all.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0037 What does this imply?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Without all of Aristotle&#8217;s four causes, only actualities are relevant.&nbsp;&nbsp;The normal contexts and potentials cannot be considered, much less appreciated.&nbsp;&nbsp;A&nbsp;<em>species impressa<sub>2a<\/sub><\/em>&nbsp;and a&nbsp;<em>species expressa<sub>2b<\/sub><\/em>&nbsp;constitute&nbsp;<em>a manifest image of sensible construction<\/em>.&nbsp;&nbsp;The following figure is&nbsp;<em>the corresponding scientific image<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Slide09-1.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Slide09-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7032\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Slide09-1.png 600w, https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Slide09-1-300x200.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>0038 Well, there goes&nbsp;<em>the whole discussion on how Darwin&#8217;s paradigm and the specifying sign may be analogies of one another<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Indeed, there goes&nbsp;<em>the specifying sign, along with comprehension<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0039&nbsp;<em>The scientific picture<\/em>&nbsp;only allows for&nbsp;<em>material and instrumental causation<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Yet, we cannot comprehend any actuality without&nbsp;<em>final and formal causation<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>What can we do if we cannot comprehend?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We can assess competence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0040 We can measure&nbsp;<em>phenomena of<\/em>&nbsp;<em>perceptions in response to particular sensation<\/em>s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>How does&nbsp;<em>a human brain<\/em>&nbsp;come to recognize that&nbsp;<em>the dog is happy because it wags its tail?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Can I fashion&nbsp;<em>a mechanical or mathematical model,<\/em>&nbsp;using&nbsp;<em>a disciplinary language,<\/em>&nbsp;describing&nbsp;<em>neurons selecting for synapses which either exploit or avoid an affordance?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>How does one build a model on observations and measurements of&nbsp;<em>species impressa<sub>1b<\/sub><\/em>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<em>species expressa<sub>2b<\/sub>?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>One scientific model would be like&nbsp;<em>a giant betting parlor filled with neocortical neurons,<\/em>&nbsp;where each successful bet raises the stakes.&nbsp;&nbsp;A perception,&nbsp;<em>a species expressa<sub>2b<\/sub><\/em>, is like a winner<sub>2b<\/sub>, in this regard.&nbsp;&nbsp;A phantasm<sub>2b<\/sub>&nbsp;depends on&nbsp;<em>the survival and demise of synapses<\/em>, so&nbsp;<em>the qualia of the species impressa<sub>2a<\/sub><\/em>&nbsp;(those impressions, sensations and feelings) constitute&nbsp;<em>the &#8220;winnings&#8217; that perception<sub>2b<\/sub>&nbsp;rakes in<\/em>&nbsp;(and must use to bet again).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0041 In many respects,&nbsp;<em>the survival and demise of synapses<sub>1b<\/sub><\/em>&nbsp;corresponds to&nbsp;<em>what psychologists might call &#8220;priming&#8221; or &#8220;training&#8221;.&nbsp;<\/em>&nbsp;Neurons perform natural selection<sub>3b<\/sub>&nbsp;on synapses<sub>2b<\/sub>.&nbsp;&nbsp;The result is not comprehension.&nbsp;&nbsp;The result is competence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>My brain&#8217;s reading of my dog&#8217;s attitude<sub>2b<\/sub>,&nbsp;<em>my species expressa<sub>2b<\/sub><\/em>, turns into an example of competence, stimulated by&nbsp;<em>observations of my dog&#8217;s tail<sub>2a<\/sub><\/em>.&nbsp;&nbsp;My brain is competent at conjuring&nbsp;<em>a phantasm<sub>2b<\/sub>&nbsp;that seems, upon subsequent reflection, to be perfectly sensible<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0042 My brain&#8217;s competence even extends to&nbsp;<em>Daisy&#8217;s reaction to the neighbor&#8217;s cat<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Here is a diagram.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Slide10-1.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Slide10-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-7033\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Slide10-1.png 600w, https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Slide10-1-300x200.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>0043 At this juncture, I feel that I am on the verge of slipping from my brain to my mind.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Oh, I meant to say, &#8220;the user-illusion of my brain&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0044&nbsp;<em>The first aspect of the slippage<\/em>&nbsp;goes with chapter eight, titled &#8220;Brains Made of Brains&#8221;, more or less applying&nbsp;<em>the Darwinian paradigm as a metaphor for the specifying sign<\/em>.&nbsp;&nbsp;Neurons<sub>3b<\/sub>&nbsp;selectively breed synapses<sub>1b<\/sub>&nbsp;in order to participate in adaptive neural networks<sub>2b<\/sub>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0046&nbsp;<em>The second part of the slippage&nbsp;<\/em>starts with chapter three, titled &#8220;The Origin of Reason&#8221;, and concerns the fact that, on the occasion of my reactionary dog encountering the neighbor&#8217;s revolutionary cat, the process of natural selection<sub>3b<\/sub>&nbsp;of neural synapses<sub>3b<\/sub>, provides me with a phantasm<sub>2b<\/sub>, a manifest image<sub>2b<\/sub>,&nbsp;<em>a species expressa<sub>2b<\/sub><\/em>, that avoids the affordance<sub>1b<\/sub>implied by my dog&#8217;s tail action<sub>2a<\/sub>.&nbsp;&nbsp;I pull Daisy back on her leash in order to prevent her from engaging in an impetuous action.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Yes, my brain provides its user with an illusion.&nbsp;&nbsp;The phantasm<sub>2b<\/sub>&nbsp;that occupies my mind is&nbsp;<em>a solution to a challenge similar to the Turing test<\/em>.&nbsp;&nbsp;The Turning test asks a question, &#8220;Can a human observer distinguish whether an action or behavior is in virtue or in simulation?&#8221;&nbsp;&nbsp;If the answer is no, then the action passes the test.&nbsp;&nbsp;<em>My phantasm<sub>2b<\/sub><\/em>&nbsp;is&nbsp;<em>a human thought<\/em>&nbsp;<em>that passes Turing&#8217;s test<\/em>. It has the virtue of being human. But, that does not mean that I created my phantasm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0047 No,&nbsp;<em>a specific application of the Darwinian paradigm<\/em>&nbsp;&#8220;designed&#8221; my phantasm<sub>2b<\/sub>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I do not comprehend how I obtain&nbsp;<em>the phantasm<sub>2b<\/sub>&nbsp;in my mind,<\/em>&nbsp;because it has been designed without a designer.&nbsp;&nbsp;It has been conjured by an evolutionary process.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Even more,&nbsp;<em>the phantasm in my mind<\/em>&nbsp;swarms with formal and final causalities, which cannot be recognized by a positivist intellect, er, I mean to say&#8230; a scientist.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The positivist intellect has a rule.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Metaphysics is not permitted.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>0033 Where does this notion of&nbsp;specificative extrinsic formal causality&nbsp;come from? Comments on John Deely&#8217;s Book (1994) New Beginnings&nbsp;is a good place to start. The specifying sign&nbsp;is embedded&nbsp;in a formula for sensible construction,&nbsp;arrived at by Latin schoolmen during the later Middle Ages. Obviously, the scholastics did not know that.&nbsp;&nbsp;The discovery of&nbsp;the triadic nature of the sign-relation&nbsp;comes [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[417,419,3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7030","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-book-review","category-scholastic-interscope-for-the-way-humans-think","category-the-evolution-of-talk"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Looking at Daniel Dennett&#039;s Book (2017) &quot;From Bacteria To Bach and Back&quot; (Part 5 of 20) - An Archaeology of the Fall<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/?p=7030\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Looking at Daniel Dennett&#039;s Book (2017) &quot;From Bacteria To Bach and Back&quot; (Part 5 of 20) - An Archaeology of the Fall\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"0033 Where does this notion of&nbsp;specificative extrinsic formal causality&nbsp;come from? Comments on John Deely&#8217;s Book (1994) New Beginnings&nbsp;is a good place to start. The specifying sign&nbsp;is embedded&nbsp;in a formula for sensible construction,&nbsp;arrived at by Latin schoolmen during the later Middle Ages. 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Comments on John Deely&#8217;s Book (1994) New Beginnings&nbsp;is a good place to start. The specifying sign&nbsp;is embedded&nbsp;in a formula for sensible construction,&nbsp;arrived at by Latin schoolmen during the later Middle Ages. 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