{"id":6844,"date":"2023-11-30T08:00:00","date_gmt":"2023-11-30T08:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/?p=6844"},"modified":"2023-05-27T14:06:52","modified_gmt":"2023-05-27T14:06:52","slug":"how-does-original-sin-work-if-science-and-christianity-are-in-conversation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/?p=6844","title":{"rendered":"Looking at Andrew Ter Ern Loke&#8217;s Book (2022) &#8221; The Origin of Humanity and Evolution&#8221;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(Part 1 of 22)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>0001 The book under examination is published by T&amp;T Clark in New York, London and Dublin, carries an ISBN number: 978-0-5677-0635-5, and presents the full title of&nbsp;<em>The Origin of Humanity and Evolution: Science and Scripture in Conversation<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This examination considers the book from the point of view of Razie Mah&#8217;s three masterworks,&nbsp;<em>The Human Niche, An Archaeology of the Fall<\/em>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<em>How To Define The Word &#8220;Religion&#8221;<\/em>, corresponding to&nbsp;<em>the Lebenswelt that we evolved in<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>the first singularity<\/em>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<em>our current Lebenswelt,<\/em>&nbsp;respectively.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Needless to say, in this volume, Andrew Ter Ern Loke is not aware of the scientific proposals offered by Razie Mah&#8217;s masterworks.&nbsp;&nbsp;His goal is to formulate a point of view whereby&nbsp;<em>the role of Adam and Eve in Augustine&#8217;s Christian tradition<\/em>&nbsp;does not contradict&nbsp;<em>the modern view of human evolution, which is surpassed by Razie Mah&#8217;s corrective<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The goal of this examination is to show that Loke intimates the proposed scientific corrective, even though he is unaware of its existence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0002 According to the back cover, in 2022, Andrew Ter Ern Loke is an associate professor at Hong Kong Baptist University.&nbsp;&nbsp;In the acknowledgements, the author thanks scientists, philosophers, a historian of science, biblical scholars and theologians for helpful discussions.&nbsp;&nbsp;Among the list is William Lane Craig, whose recent book,&nbsp;<em>The Historical Adam<\/em>, is reviewed in November 2022 in Razie Mah&#8217;s blog.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Loke&#8217;s book is dedicated to a computational biologist, Joshua Swamidass, who proposes a technical solution that permits all humans to descend from one male, named &#8220;Adam&#8221;, and that one &#8220;Adam&#8221; corresponds to the one mentioned in Genesis 2.4 on.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0003 Technical solution?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>There are two stories of human origins in the formerly Christian West,&nbsp;<em>the Christian ones<\/em>&nbsp;are found in Genesis and&nbsp;<em>the modern Western ones<\/em>&nbsp;concern the scientific disciplines of natural history, genetics and archaeology.&nbsp;&nbsp;So the question arises, asking, &#8220;How do these match?&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>They would match if &#8220;Adam&#8221; is the first human.&nbsp;&nbsp;After all, the name, &#8220;adamah&#8221;, is ambiguous, referring to humankind, the male of the species, as well as one apparently ill-fated fellow once living on an island, in a special place called, &#8220;Eden&#8221;, near the confluence of four rivers, including the Tigris and Euphrates.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0004 Unfortunately, the scientific discipline of genetics rules out that option. Adam and Eve are not the first pair of humans.&nbsp;&nbsp;Contemporary human population genetics shows no sharp bottleneck that would correspond to a single pair as the first humans (as proposed by Saint Augustine, over 1600 years ago, during the twilight of the Roman Empire).&nbsp;&nbsp;This lack of correspondence opens the opportunity for other technical solutions, such as the genealogical approach by Joshua Swamidass and the approach formulated in Loke&#8217;s book.&nbsp;&nbsp;Neither Swamidass nor Loke propose that Adam and Eve are the first humans.&nbsp;&nbsp;Loke designates Adam as &#8220;God&#8217;s Image Bearer&#8221; and works from there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0005 Here is a different way to look at the issue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Imagine a map of the Nile, running up through Africa to the Mediterranean Sea.&nbsp;&nbsp;Now, pick up a mental pencil and relabel parts of the great river.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0006&nbsp;<em>The first chapter of Genesis<\/em>&nbsp;is the upper reaches of the southern Nile, with the great lake, named &#8220;Victoria&#8221; (to those who speak English).&nbsp;&nbsp;<em>Genesis 2.4-10<\/em>&nbsp;is like the lower reaches of the northern Nile, ending in the magnificent delta.&nbsp;&nbsp;The Mediterranean is where history begins.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Imagine that there is a great waterfall between the upper and lower reaches, instead of a series of impassable rapids.&nbsp;&nbsp;Upland from the waterfall is&nbsp;<em>the time of De Nile<\/em>.&nbsp;&nbsp;Downland from the waterfall is&nbsp;<em>the time of DeNial<\/em>.&nbsp;&nbsp;The waterfall is&nbsp;<em>the first singularity<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A traveler, starting at the falls, can theoretically walk in both directions, along De Nile or along DeNial.&nbsp;&nbsp;But, there is&nbsp;<em>the challenge of the descent and the ascent<\/em>.&nbsp;&nbsp;Looking from the top of the falls, one cannot see the bottom.&nbsp;&nbsp;Looking from the bottom of the falls, one cannot see the top.&nbsp;&nbsp;However, at either location, the traveler knows that there must be a bottom and there must be a top.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Well, the traveler does not really know for certain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The traveler only looks&nbsp;<em>down from the top<\/em>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<em>up from the bottom<\/em>&nbsp;and makes a guess about the other realm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0006 As if to repeat the pattern, Loke&#8217;s book takes a turn&nbsp;<em>near the middle of the text, in section five of chapter five<\/em>, carrying the title, &#8220;The Image of God&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Loke writes that Adam and Eve, labeled by God as &#8220;Image Bearers of God&#8221;, are the first human beings.&nbsp;&nbsp;This does not require them to be the first anatomically modern humans or the genetic founders of all humans.&nbsp;&nbsp;Rather, the key issue is&nbsp;<em>how humans are defined<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0007 It is sort of like that imaginary waterfall.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>If one stands upstream, which is highland and south, human beings are defined by the scientific scenario summarized in section 5.1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>If one stands downstream, which is lowland and north, various philosophers and religious traditions offer opinions as to&nbsp;<em>what humans are<\/em>.&nbsp;&nbsp;Loke mentions Plato, Aristotle, Upanishadic Hinduism, Buddhism, Marxism, existentialism, sociobiology and contemporary philosophy.&nbsp;&nbsp;Each has a unique definition of &#8220;the human&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The waterfall is neither upstream nor downstream.&nbsp;&nbsp;The waterfall is contiguous with both.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>How does&nbsp;<em>this division within continuity<\/em>&nbsp;work?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0008 The Greimas square may assist.&nbsp;&nbsp;The Greimas square is a purely relational structure that is useful for discerning a constellation of meanings that surround a particular spoken term.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A century ago, the linguist Ferdinand de Saussure proposed that spoken language consists in two arbitrarily related systems of differences,&nbsp;<em>parole<\/em>&nbsp;(French for &#8220;talk&#8221;) and&nbsp;<em>langue<\/em>&nbsp;(French for &#8220;language&#8221;).&nbsp;&nbsp;One system is external.&nbsp;&nbsp;<em>Parole<\/em>can be scientifically observed and measured.&nbsp;&nbsp;<em>Langue&nbsp;<\/em>is internal, only certain changes in physiological conditions can be observed and measured.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0009 So, the question arises, &#8220;How does one define any particular spoken phrase or word?&#8221;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>That is the subject of Razie Mah&#8217;s masterwork,&nbsp;<em>How To Define the Word &#8220;Religion&#8221;<\/em>, available at smashwords and other e-book venues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0010 Happily, for this examination, there is method that respects&nbsp;<em>the purely relational configuration posed by Saussure<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>That method is the Greimas square.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0011 Here is a picture.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Slide01-4.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Slide01-4.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6845\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Slide01-4.png 600w, https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Slide01-4-300x200.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 01<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>0012&nbsp;<em>The focal term<\/em>&nbsp;goes with A.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>The first contrast of A that comes to mind<\/em>&nbsp;enters B.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Then, a term that contradicts B goes into C.&nbsp;&nbsp;The term, &#8220;contradicts&#8221;, may be transliterated into &#8220;speaks against&#8221;.&nbsp;&nbsp;So, C speaks against B.&nbsp;&nbsp;Then, one finds that C complements A.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Finally,&nbsp;<em>a contrast that comes to mind with C<\/em>&nbsp;goes into D.&nbsp;&nbsp;Then, one should find that D speaks against A and complements B.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0013&nbsp;<em>The Greimas square<\/em>&nbsp;is&nbsp;<em>a probe of the terms that are adjacent to<\/em>&nbsp;(or metaphorically &#8220;near&#8221;)&nbsp;<em>a focal term<\/em>&nbsp;(A).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0014 The following figure applies to Loke&#8217;s discussion of Adam and Eve as the first &#8220;Image Bearers of God&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Slide02-4.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Slide02-4.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6846\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Slide02-4.png 600w, https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Slide02-4-300x200.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 02<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>0015 We are the descendants of Adam (A), so we are heir to his title, &#8220;Image Bearer of God&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But, there is a problem.&nbsp;&nbsp;Adam falls.&nbsp;&nbsp;So do we.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In contrast, many philosophies and traditions define&nbsp;<em>who we are<\/em>&nbsp;(B) without regard to God&#8217;s original appellation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Speaking against the philosophers and traditionalists, Adam is the first holding the title (C), which will be passed on to the rest of humanity by means that are not genetic.&nbsp;&nbsp;So, despite all other opinion, Adam is&#8230; er, at least&#8230; was&#8230; until, you know, the unfortunate incident&#8230; the first bearer of this title.&nbsp;&nbsp;I suppose he never lost the title&#8230;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8230;he just made a bad decision that doomed all of subsequent humanity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In contrast, the Biblical use of adam (technically, &#8220;adamah&#8221;) is a pun which means &#8220;earth man&#8221; or &#8220;humanity&#8221; (D).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This raises the question as to whether&nbsp;<em>adam as humanity<\/em>&nbsp;(D) contradicts (A) humans labeled as&nbsp;<em>the Image Bearers of God<\/em>and complements (B) &#8220;humans&#8221; defined by philosophers and other religious traditions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I suppose that one could argue for &#8220;yes&#8221;, as well as &#8220;no&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0016 As it turns out, the metaphor of&nbsp;<em>a map of the Nile River, altered by a number 2 pencil,<\/em>&nbsp;also fits into a Greimas square.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Slide03-4.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Slide03-4.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-6847\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Slide03-4.png 600w, https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/Slide03-4-300x200.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 03<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>0001 The book under examination is published by T&amp;T Clark in New York, London and Dublin, carries an ISBN number: 978-0-5677-0635-5, and presents the full title of&nbsp;The Origin of Humanity and Evolution: Science and Scripture in Conversation. This examination considers the book from the point of view of Razie Mah&#8217;s three masterworks,&nbsp;The Human Niche, An [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[120,155],"tags":[64,68,39,406,405,29,45,106,404,212,119,407,153,323,44,408,250],"class_list":["post-6844","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-an-archaeology-of-the-fall","category-stories-of-adam-and-eve","tag-adam-and-eve","tag-bible","tag-category-based-nested-form","tag-concordism","tag-creation-story","tag-first-singularity","tag-genesis","tag-greimas-square","tag-hand-speech-talk","tag-hermeneutics","tag-human-evolution","tag-image-of-god","tag-interpretation","tag-origins","tag-science","tag-scripture","tag-speech-alone-talk"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Looking at Andrew Ter Ern Loke&#039;s Book (2022) &quot; 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