{"id":10629,"date":"2026-06-11T08:00:00","date_gmt":"2026-06-11T08:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/?p=10629"},"modified":"2025-12-14T15:54:23","modified_gmt":"2025-12-14T15:54:23","slug":"looking-at-eric-santners-book-2016-the-weight-of-all-flesh-part-16-of-28","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/?p=10629","title":{"rendered":"Looking at Eric Santner\u2019s Book (2016)\u00a0The Weight of All Flesh\u00a0(Part 16 of 28)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>0327 The word \u201cliturgy\u201d combines the Greek words&nbsp;<em>laos<\/em>&nbsp;(people) and&nbsp;<em>ergon<\/em>&nbsp;(work).&nbsp;&nbsp;The word translates into \u201cpublic works\u201d.&nbsp;&nbsp;The word associates to&nbsp;<em>an objective that brings people into organization<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0328 Thus,&nbsp;<em>the sublime body of the king<\/em>&nbsp;serves as a normal context for&nbsp;<em>the regal values that virtually situate organizational objectives,&nbsp;<\/em>bringing the individual into<em>&nbsp;the organization of the kingdom (here on earth, rather than in heaven)<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For this reason,&nbsp;<em>the sublime body of the king<\/em>&nbsp;calls for&nbsp;<em>public works (that is, liturgies)<\/em>, extolling&nbsp;<em>the potentials of both kingliness and order<\/em>.&nbsp;&nbsp;These public works treat&nbsp;<em>the mortal body of the king<\/em>&nbsp;like&nbsp;<em>the well-dressed effigy that it may well be<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0329 Marx\u2019s \u201cfetish\u201d has a lot in common with Freud\u2019s \u201cneurosis\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>The fetish<\/em>&nbsp;neurotically attends to&nbsp;<em>the apparent element that accompanies the hidden one<\/em>.&nbsp;&nbsp;For this reason,&nbsp;<em>the fetish<\/em>&nbsp;goes with both&nbsp;<em>busy-ness<\/em>&nbsp;(attending to literal appearances) and&nbsp;<em>something else<\/em>&nbsp;(attending to value perceptions).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0330 Giorgio Agamben insightfully characterizes the hidden element as&nbsp;<em>glory<\/em>, opening the door to an inquiry into&nbsp;<em>the archaeology of (political) glory<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>He raises the question: How are religious doxologies co-opted by political ones?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>How are outward manifestations of political situations glorified?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0331 The fetish is&nbsp;<em>a situation-level contiguity.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The situation-level puts the content-level in its place.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For late medieval and early modern political theology,&nbsp;<em>the fetish of<\/em>&nbsp;<em>a king\u2019s mortal body&nbsp;<\/em>puts&nbsp;<em>the contiguity between an object<sup>org<\/sup><\/em>&nbsp;<em>and<\/em>&nbsp;<em>the (political) subject<\/em>&nbsp;in debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A&nbsp;<em>petit objet a<\/em>&nbsp;(an index of kingliness) virtually situates&nbsp;<em>an organizational object orienting the active soul of the subject.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Active soul [animates] body<sub>2a<\/sub><\/em>&nbsp;becomes&nbsp;<em>an organizational objective (inspired with indebtedness to the king) subject of the realm<sub>2a<\/sub><\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Slide40.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Slide40.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10630\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Slide40.png 600w, https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Slide40-300x225.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Consider, for example, the custom of kissing the ring of the sovereign.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The ring is the&nbsp;<em>petit objet a<\/em>.&nbsp;&nbsp;It is infused with regal value.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The ring reinforces&nbsp;<em>an organizational object orienting the subject<\/em>.&nbsp;&nbsp;Kiss the ring.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>This object<sup>org<\/sup><\/em>&nbsp;is contiguous with&nbsp;<em>the person as a subject of the realm<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This contiguity may be described using a variety of terms, such as&nbsp;<em>inspiration,<\/em>&nbsp;<em>loyalty,<\/em>&nbsp;<em>duty<\/em>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<em>debt<\/em>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0332 That is not all.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>The readily apparent subject on the content level<sub>2a<\/sub><\/em>&nbsp;emerges from and situates&nbsp;<em>the possibilities inherent in joissance (here, the joy of being alive)<sub>1a<\/sub><\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Joissance<sub>1a<\/sub><\/em>, in turn, is virtually situated by&nbsp;<em>the qualities of kingliness and order<sub>1b<\/sub>.&nbsp;&nbsp;These qualities<sub>1b<\/sub>&nbsp;<\/em>set the stage for<em>&nbsp;a social form of surplus value<sub>2b<\/sub><\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Consequently,&nbsp;<em>the actuality of regal values [fetishizing] the king\u2019s mortal body<sub>2b<\/sub><\/em>&nbsp;generates&nbsp;<em>something equivalent to<\/em><em>what Marx called \u201csurplus value\u201d<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Slide41.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Slide41.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10631\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Slide41.png 600w, https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Slide41-300x225.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>This generation occurs in the society tier, suggesting that Marxism projects the operations of the society tier onto the organization tier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0333 The feedback loop changes with time.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the following diagram, history proceeds from top to bottom.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Only the content-level associations are shown.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Slide42.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Slide42.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10632\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Slide42.png 600w, https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Slide42-300x225.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>0334 The nested forms represent religious theology, political theology and political economy, respectively.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0335 In political theology,<em>&nbsp;the spirit of the individual standing before the king<\/em>&nbsp;attends to&nbsp;<em>the king\u2019s personage (and the regal values that inform that personage)<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>With the Peace of Westphalia, the king also becomes the pastor of his nation (at least for the Northern Europeans).&nbsp;&nbsp;The prince favors certain Christian factions over others.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0336 So what is&nbsp;<em>an excluded Christian faction<\/em>&nbsp;to do?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Many&nbsp;<em>excluded Christian factions<\/em>&nbsp;find joy in objects<sup>org<\/sup>&nbsp;other than&nbsp;<em>the objects<sup>org<\/sup>&nbsp;of the sublime body of the king<\/em>.&nbsp;&nbsp;Directed by a spirit of rational expectations, typical of industry, these folks take the only sane path.&nbsp;&nbsp;They make things that they can sell.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Thus, political economy overtook political theology.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>The glory of the king<\/em>&nbsp;passed into&nbsp;<em>the glory of the fine commodities that the subjects produced<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0337 Here is how that looks in the 3-tier model:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Slide43.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Slide43.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10633\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Slide43.png 600w, https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Slide43-300x225.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>0338 Indeed,&nbsp;<em>the industriousness of the Protestants<\/em>&nbsp;became&nbsp;<em>their way of advertising<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0339&nbsp;<em>Few political theologians of the day<\/em>&nbsp;saw&nbsp;<em>what was coming<\/em>.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the diagram, the reason is obvious.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>The Protestant Ethic<\/em>&nbsp;potentiates&nbsp;<em>a new societal situation-level<\/em>.&nbsp;&nbsp;It supports a new authority, so to speak, which took Thomas Hobbes by surprise.&nbsp;&nbsp;Hobbes published&nbsp;<em>Leviathan<\/em>&nbsp;in 1651, right around the time that the Puritans seized sovereign power and beheaded&nbsp;<em>a mortal body that tried to live up to his regal values<\/em>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The&nbsp;<em>Leviathan<\/em>&nbsp;is an extended and rational argument against&nbsp;<em>the pope serving as spiritual sovereign over the temporal sovereign, the king<\/em>.&nbsp;&nbsp;Hobbes did not even mention the bloodthirsty Puritans.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hobbes\u2019 leviathan is depicted on the front cover of the original edition.&nbsp;&nbsp;<em>A giant human composed of small humans<\/em>carries a sword and a (bishop\u2019s) staff, not a sowing machine and a ship.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0340 Oh, did I say \u201cblood-thirsty\u201d?&nbsp;&nbsp;I meant to say \u201cindustrious\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But then, can \u201cindustriousness\u201d become&nbsp;<em>an organizational object belonging to an institution capable of seizing sovereign power?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>If so, then&nbsp;<em>the institutions declaring industriousness to be righteous<\/em>&nbsp;fit the definition of&nbsp;<em>an infrasovereign religion<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>An infrasovereign religion<\/em>&nbsp;carries&nbsp;<em>a capacity to grasp for sovereign power<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sovereign power is empowered to spill blood.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0341 Let me look closely at this object<sup>org<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Industrious labor (rather than self-sacrifice) glorifies the Creator.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0342 The message contains two contradicting actualities:&nbsp;<em>work<\/em>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<em>faith<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>By faith alone, I will be saved.&nbsp;&nbsp;I must continually attend to my faith.&nbsp;&nbsp;My faith justifies&nbsp;<em>my righteous certitude<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>At the same time,&nbsp;<em>my<\/em>&nbsp;<em>work<\/em>&nbsp;advertises&nbsp;<em>my commitment to the glory of God<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0343 Do these two actualities contradict?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Do they combine into a single actuality?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The following intersection depicts the Puritan message.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A contradiction is presented as a single actuality: salvation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Slide44.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Slide44.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10634\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Slide44.png 600w, https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Slide44-300x225.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>0344&nbsp;<em>Salvation<\/em>&nbsp;is a single actuality composed of two contradicting actualities,&nbsp;<em>the business of faith<\/em>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<em>labor glorifying God<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Protestant Ethic boasts&nbsp;<em>certitude<\/em>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<em>industriousness<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>The English Puritans at the time of Thomas Hobbes&nbsp;<\/em>constituted&nbsp;<em>an infrasovereign religion capable of contending for sovereign power<\/em>.&nbsp;&nbsp;They also developed&nbsp;<em>the organization tier of the English economy<\/em>&nbsp;by producing&nbsp;<em>fine products that could be marketed<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0345 On one hand, Puritan leaders exhibited all the fervor of Jean-Paul Marat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Indeed, their champion, Oliver Cromwell, prefigured Napoleon Bonaparte, as well as other tyrants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Puritan Revolution in England defines a phenomenon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>All varieties of mercantilism, fascism, communism and big-government (il)liberalism are&nbsp;<em>constellations of infrasovereign religions<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As these constellations gain sovereign power, the nation tends towards tyranny.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0346 On the other hand, the English Puritans exhibited all the rationality of citizen<sup>regular<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>They were industrious and tolerant, in their own market-oriented way.&nbsp;&nbsp;The Puritans blamed the sovereigns, rather than Christian factions, for the so-called \u201cwars of religion\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In many ways, they were correct.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0347 Aristocrats often manipulated Christian factions into openly fighting with one another.&nbsp;&nbsp;They hoped to establish&nbsp;<em>a need for order<\/em>, which they were already prepared to supply.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Plus, factional conflicts justified looting the monasteries and taking their lands and property.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Little did the aristocrats know that they were next in line.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Remember the assignat in David\u2019s painting,&nbsp;<em>The Death of Marat<\/em>?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>0327 The word \u201cliturgy\u201d combines the Greek words&nbsp;laos&nbsp;(people) and&nbsp;ergon&nbsp;(work).&nbsp;&nbsp;The word translates into \u201cpublic works\u201d.&nbsp;&nbsp;The word associates to&nbsp;an objective that brings people into organization. 0328 Thus,&nbsp;the sublime body of the king&nbsp;serves as a normal context for&nbsp;the regal values that virtually situate organizational objectives,&nbsp;bringing the individual into&nbsp;the organization of the kingdom (here on earth, rather than in [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[417],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-10629","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-book-review"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Looking at Eric Santner\u2019s Book (2016)\u00a0The 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