{"id":10594,"date":"2026-06-19T08:00:00","date_gmt":"2026-06-19T08:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/?p=10594"},"modified":"2025-12-14T15:36:57","modified_gmt":"2025-12-14T15:36:57","slug":"looking-at-eric-santners-book-2016-the-weight-of-all-flesh-part-9-of-28","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/?p=10594","title":{"rendered":"Looking at Eric Santner\u2019s Book (2016)\u00a0The Weight of All Flesh\u00a0(Part 9 of 28)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>0176 The intellectual leaders of Shakespeare\u2019s time made a simplification and propounded it as reality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This simplification assumed that a citizen<sup>regular<\/sup>&nbsp;possessed a sane soul and exhibited the spirit of rationality.&nbsp;&nbsp;It ignored the Christian perspective inspiring both.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0177&nbsp;<em>The counselors of the early modern kings<\/em>&nbsp;were experts in&nbsp;<em>the maintenance of the king\u2019s sublime body&#8230; I mean, the discipline of holding office<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>They discovered that the king could&nbsp;<em>rule without governing<\/em>&nbsp;by allowing usury.&nbsp;&nbsp;Crown<sup>money<\/sup>&nbsp;surcharged surplus value.&nbsp;&nbsp;Gold became valuable as a measure of national wealth.&nbsp;&nbsp;Mercantilism was born.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0178 Before leaving this section, I want to generalize the model of spectral materialism applied to&nbsp;<em>The Merchant of Venice<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I substitute the words \u201cMarat\u201d and \u201cregular\u201d for \u201cShylock\u201d and \u201cAntonio\u201d.&nbsp;&nbsp;However, I retain the key concept that&nbsp;<em>Shylock wants a pound of Antonio\u2019s joissance<\/em>, that is, his \u201cflesh\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I suggest that citizen<sup>Marat<\/sup>, like Shylock, desires a pound of citizen<sup>regular<\/sup>\u2019s libido.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the organization tier, this actualizes into two values: adaptability (for citizen<sup>regular<\/sup>) and control (for citizen<sup>Marat<\/sup>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Slide19.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Slide19.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10595\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Slide19.png 600w, https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Slide19-300x225.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>0179 To me, this diagram expresses features of Santner\u2019s multilayered claims.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0180 In the late medieval and the early modern period, the mortal body (or&nbsp;<em>flesh<\/em>) of the king magically established the flourishing and suffering of the entire kingdom.&nbsp;&nbsp;His flesh bore the weight of kingliness, the expectations of the subjects.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>If the king did not (literally) live up to the subject\u2019s expectations, then the kingdom was vulnerable to sedition.&nbsp;&nbsp;<em>The theory of the dual body of the king<\/em>&nbsp;directed expectations in a particular manner, investing the mortal body of the king with a sublime body.&nbsp;&nbsp;This sublime body was answerable to God.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0181 Even with God removed from the picture, as Thomas Hobbes did in&nbsp;<em>Leviathan<\/em>, the subject\u2019s expectations were profoundly simple.&nbsp;&nbsp;Protect us.&nbsp;&nbsp;Do not interfere with our contracts.&nbsp;&nbsp;Contracts among subjects were regulated by tradition, particularly Christian aphorisms like the golden rule, which (according to Hobbes) goes like this: Do&nbsp;<strong>not<\/strong>&nbsp;do unto others&nbsp;<em>what you would&nbsp;<strong>not<\/strong>&nbsp;want done to yourself<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0182 Surely, Shylock did not get the memo.&nbsp;&nbsp;Neither did Marat, who planned to do to his political opponents&nbsp;<em>what Charlotte Corday did to him<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Slide20.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Slide20.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10596\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Slide20.png 600w, https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Slide20-300x225.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>0183 Indeed, in late medieval and early modern nations, the king was in a pressure cooker, watched from above by&nbsp;<em>the very religion that his political theology expropriated<\/em>, and watched from below by&nbsp;<em>subjects who believed that Jesus was king<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0184&nbsp;<em>The immaterial surplus produced in this apparatus<\/em>&nbsp;coincided with the flourishing and suffering of the entire kingdom.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The economic reason is straightforward.&nbsp;&nbsp;When the king was in check, protecting the subjects and freely allowing contracts, the subjects were able to cautiously move in the direction of greater industry and specialization.&nbsp;&nbsp;When the king was not in check, the subjects only did what they were told to do.&nbsp;&nbsp;They resisted innovation and resented the king.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0185 Santner delineates a trail from&nbsp;<em>the political theology of the early moderns<\/em>&nbsp;to&nbsp;<em>the political economy of the modern and postmodern period<\/em>.&nbsp;&nbsp;The sublime body of the king becomes dispersed among the citizens.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0186 However, to me, this portends two types of citizen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Citizen<sup>regular<\/sup>&nbsp;inherits&nbsp;<em>the expectations of kingliness<\/em>.&nbsp;&nbsp;This is expressed as personal sovereignty.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Citizen<sup>Marat<\/sup>&nbsp;inherits&nbsp;<em>the sublime character that (supposedly) is subject to divine judgment<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0187 But, there is a catch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>With the perspective level completely occluded,&nbsp;<em>the source that judges discipline<\/em>&nbsp;is no longer apparent.&nbsp;&nbsp;Citizen<sup>Marat<\/sup>becomes god-like to the extent that his organizational objectives are substantiated by sovereign power.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0188 In Santner\u2019s evocative terminology, the regular citizen\u2019s libido (like Antonio\u2019s) becomes&nbsp;<em>the flesh that is weighed and appropriated by the self-anointed citizen<sup>Marat<\/sup><\/em>, acting in the domain of discipline and in the prospect of sowing and harvesting biopower.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>The immaterial surplus produced in this apparatus<\/em>&nbsp;fuels a repetition disorder called \u201cregulation\u201d.&nbsp;&nbsp;Regulation applies to the organization tier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0189 The citizen<sup>regular<\/sup>&nbsp;adapts to this domination as short-sightedly as a sow finds comfort in her pen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Regular humans have gone from sheep to pigs.&nbsp;&nbsp;Kings have gone from shepherds to farm-administrators fatting up the hogs for&#8230; harvest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0190 What do the busy bodies intend to harvest?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I suspect that it is&nbsp;<em>the joy of being a pig<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Slide21.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Slide21.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10597\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Slide21.png 600w, https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Slide21-300x225.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>0176 The intellectual leaders of Shakespeare\u2019s time made a simplification and propounded it as reality. This simplification assumed that a citizenregular&nbsp;possessed a sane soul and exhibited the spirit of rationality.&nbsp;&nbsp;It ignored the Christian perspective inspiring both. 0177&nbsp;The counselors of the early modern kings&nbsp;were experts in&nbsp;the maintenance of the king\u2019s sublime body&#8230; I mean, the discipline [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[417],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-10594","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-book-review"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Looking at Eric Santner\u2019s Book (2016)\u00a0The Weight of All Flesh\u00a0(Part 9 of 28) - An Archaeology of the Fall<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/?p=10594\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Looking at Eric Santner\u2019s Book (2016)\u00a0The Weight of All Flesh\u00a0(Part 9 of 28) - An Archaeology of the Fall\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"0176 The intellectual leaders of Shakespeare\u2019s time made a simplification and propounded it as reality. 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