{"id":10590,"date":"2026-06-20T08:00:00","date_gmt":"2026-06-20T08:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/?p=10590"},"modified":"2025-12-14T15:34:50","modified_gmt":"2025-12-14T15:34:50","slug":"looking-at-eric-santners-book-2016-the-weight-of-all-flesh-part-8-of-28","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/?p=10590","title":{"rendered":"Looking at Eric Santner\u2019s Book (2016)\u00a0The Weight of All Flesh\u00a0(Part 8 of 28)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>0147 Shall I continue with the lecture?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>The productivity of spectral material&nbsp;<\/em>confounds everyone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0148 Benjamin Franklin captured the confounding when he compared the productivity of a sow to a king.&nbsp;&nbsp;Murder a sow and lose future generations of pigs.&nbsp;&nbsp;Murder a crown (power) and end up losing future crowns (money).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The confounding ties together natural (reproduction, manufacture) and unnatural (interest, usury) productivities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It also ties together citizen<sup>regular<\/sup>, the citizen with a rational mind, and citizen<sup>Marat<\/sup>, the citizen with a discipline.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Is one like a sow and the other like a king?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0149 That is a trick question.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>One point is clear.&nbsp;&nbsp;Citizen<sup>Marat<\/sup>&nbsp;is far more likely to end up with his portrait on coins than citizen<sup>regular<\/sup>.&nbsp;&nbsp;Similarly,&nbsp;<em>a portrait of the king<\/em>&nbsp;decorated many late medieval and early modern coins.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0150 What does this confounding imply?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Did&nbsp;<em>the surplus immanence of late medieval kingship<\/em>&nbsp;transform into&nbsp;<em>what Marx calls \u201csurplus value\u201d?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Similarly, did&nbsp;<em>the rational spirit attributed to citizen<sup>regular<\/sup><\/em>&nbsp;become laden with the glorification of&#8230; everyday life?&nbsp;&nbsp;Crowns (money)?&nbsp;&nbsp;How about the organizational objectives of citizen<sup>Marat<\/sup>?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0151 Finally, does&nbsp;<em>the unnatural fertility of money<\/em>&nbsp;keep both citizen<sup>Marat<\/sup>&nbsp;and citizen<sup>regular<\/sup>&nbsp;afloat?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0152 Aristotle regards&nbsp;<em>the fertility of crowns<sup>money<\/sup><\/em>&nbsp;as unnatural.&nbsp;&nbsp;Earning money to maintain the household (in Greek,&nbsp;<em>oikos<\/em>) is natural.&nbsp;&nbsp;Getting rich through usury is not.&nbsp;&nbsp;The latter has no proper measure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0153 Freud says the same thing about human sexuality.&nbsp;&nbsp;There is an excess of pleasure over the teleological function.&nbsp;&nbsp;Imagine that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0154 Money acts as a medium for transactions.&nbsp;&nbsp;Instead of me trading my two goats for a cow, I sell my goats for 2 crowns and use that to buy a cow.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0155 One problem is this: What if you would trade me a cow for two goats directly, but you would not sell your cow for 2 crowns?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>What happens if&nbsp;<em>the value of money<\/em>&nbsp;enters into the determination of&nbsp;<em>the value of a commodity?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0156 I tried to tell this to my goats, but they would not pay attention.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I said, \u201cYou two are far more valuable than one cow.&nbsp;&nbsp;If the cow dies, there is nothing.&nbsp;&nbsp;If one of you dies, there is another still around.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0157 Actually, one did reply.&nbsp;&nbsp;She said, \u201cYour friend is a miser.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0158 Misers think that their commodities are worth more money than they actually are worth.&nbsp;&nbsp;They also think that their crowns<sup>money<\/sup>&nbsp;are some type of um&#8230; protection.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The miser exhibits a desire that cannot be quenched, since no amount of coin can forestall every emergency.&nbsp;&nbsp;In fact, the more the miser hoards, the more the potential threats multiply, increasing the need for more protection.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The miser does not joust at windmills.&nbsp;&nbsp;The miser tries to insure against&nbsp;<em>the potential that windmills will come jousting<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0159 Misers are so crazy that Aristotle longed for the days when everyone bartered.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0160 But, crowns<sup>money<\/sup>&nbsp;offer more than&nbsp;<em>the assurance of safety<\/em>.&nbsp;&nbsp;Crowns<sup>money<\/sup>&nbsp;facilitate other, more theatrical, enjoyments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Santner chooses Shakespeare\u2019s play&nbsp;<em>The Merchant of Venice<\/em>&nbsp;for exposition.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This play displays&nbsp;<em>the joys of a miser in service to his jealousy<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Money can purchase the flesh of a sow.&nbsp;&nbsp;Why can\u2019t money buy human flesh?&nbsp;&nbsp;Money is normative.&nbsp;&nbsp;Flesh is somatic.&nbsp;&nbsp;One figures into&nbsp;<em>the political economy of the wealth of nations<\/em>.&nbsp;&nbsp;The other enters from&nbsp;<em>the political theology of sovereignty<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0161 Oh, that reminds me of Benjamin Franklin\u2019s aphorism (point 148).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Before I go further, allow me to associate various items of the previous discussion to a diagram of the 3-tier system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Slide17.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Slide17.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10591\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Slide17.png 600w, https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Slide17-300x225.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>0162 Franklin\u2019s clever comparison captures two cycles that are very similar, except for one thing.&nbsp;&nbsp;The terminus for the productivity of the sow is the citizen<sup>regular<\/sup>.&nbsp;&nbsp;The terminus for the productivity of crowns is citizen<sup>Marat<\/sup>.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0163 What does this imply?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>The productivity of the sow<\/em>&nbsp;stands for&nbsp;<em>the work of a corporation<\/em>.&nbsp;&nbsp;As long as its commodity yields surplus value, the organization flourishes.&nbsp;&nbsp;It continues to generate.&nbsp;&nbsp;Every household knows this.&nbsp;&nbsp;Most people are industrious.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Meanwhile,&nbsp;<em>the productivity of money<\/em>&nbsp;supplements&nbsp;<em>an assessment of the corporation<\/em>.&nbsp;&nbsp;Invested money may enhance or drain surplus value from an organization.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0164 But, what if the state guaranteed that&nbsp;<em>the money I invested<\/em>&nbsp;would be paid back, with interest?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Here is the trick.&nbsp;&nbsp;Franklin\u2019s comments are about&nbsp;<em>mercantilism<\/em>.&nbsp;&nbsp;<em>The mercantilist<\/em>&nbsp;regards money as&nbsp;<em>something that reproduces itself<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0165 The unnatural productivity of crowns<sup>money<\/sup>&nbsp;requires enforcement by the crown<sup>power<\/sup>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Usury may be allowed or disallowed by the state.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Without usury, the king reigns by governing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>With usury, the king reigns without governing.&nbsp;&nbsp;Crowns<sup>money<\/sup>&nbsp;do the governing for the throne.&nbsp;&nbsp;The sovereign acts&nbsp;<em>to enforce already established contracts<\/em>.&nbsp;&nbsp;What a job!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0166 Santner points out that&nbsp;<em>The Merchant of Venice<\/em>&nbsp;was staged during the historical transition from&nbsp;<em>the political theology of the dual body of the king<\/em>&nbsp;to&nbsp;<em>the mercantilist political economy<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0167&nbsp;<em>The Merchant of Venice<\/em>&nbsp;turns on&nbsp;<em>the question of collateral<\/em>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<em>the expectation that the sovereign enforces voluntary contracts<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0168 The two main characters are merchants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(Already, the audience senses trouble, because merchants are associated with the irrational goal of getting wealthy.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The two merchants are Shylock, an old Jew, who has loads of money, and Antonio, a young citizen of Venice, who is full of spunk.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0169 Antonio\u2019s friend needs money for his pursuit of the wealthy and clever Portia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Antonio is tapped out.&nbsp;&nbsp;But, he thinks that his pal, Bassanio, can make the catch.&nbsp;&nbsp;He wants to help.&nbsp;&nbsp;So, he asks Shylock for a loan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Antonio has no collateral.&nbsp;&nbsp;Shylock suggests an unusual collateral for the loan.&nbsp;&nbsp;It will be a pound of Antonio\u2019s flesh, cut from wherever Shylock determines.&nbsp;&nbsp;Antonio, who obviously has no clue as to what he is doing, agrees.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0170 Why this crazy deal?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Santner frames the deal in terms of&nbsp;<em>the normative<\/em>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<em>the somatic<\/em>.&nbsp;&nbsp;<em>The money<\/em>&nbsp;is normative.&nbsp;&nbsp;<em>Antonio<\/em>&nbsp;is somatic.&nbsp;&nbsp;The joint between the two is an excess of the normative and somatic.&nbsp;&nbsp;Freud associates this excess to&nbsp;<em>the libido<\/em>, which is all about&nbsp;<em>flesh<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0171 Here is how the play unfolds within the 3-tier system model for spectral materialism.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Slide18.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Slide18.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10592\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Slide18.png 600w, https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Slide18-300x225.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>0172 Benjamin Franklin\u2019s mercantilist aphorism still applies, even though it was uttered over 150 years after Shakespeare.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Antonio is the sow.&nbsp;&nbsp;Shylock is the king.&nbsp;&nbsp;The term \u201cnormative\u201d goes with the society tier.&nbsp;&nbsp;The term \u201csomatic\u201d goes with the organization tier.&nbsp;&nbsp;The term \u201cflesh\u201d goes with the IiC tier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But the term \u201cflesh\u201d is more than&nbsp;<em>matter that can be weighed<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It refers to Antonio\u2019s libido, his joy of living, which, as mentioned before, is full of spunk, typical of Venice at the time.&nbsp;&nbsp;Shylock wants a pound of it.&nbsp;&nbsp;A pound is a unit of crown<sup>money<\/sup>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0173 Santner explores why citizen<sup>Antonio<\/sup>&nbsp;resembles a sow.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>He is full of himself.&nbsp;&nbsp;But, he is pregnant with stupid plans that avoid industry.&nbsp;&nbsp;He gambles that his friend can bed and wed&nbsp;<em>a woman who is more intelligent than he and his pal put together<\/em>.&nbsp;&nbsp;This woman is so clever that she can dress as a man, walk into a courtroom and demonstrate that Shylock\u2019s deal violates the Christian morals of Venice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ironies abound.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Portia fits the ideal of the citizen<sup>regular<\/sup>.&nbsp;&nbsp;She industriously and cleverly executes a daring, but rational, course of action that appeals to the sanity of her&#8230; I mean,&nbsp;<em>his<\/em>&nbsp;fellow citizens.&nbsp;&nbsp;At the same time, as a woman, she cannot be a regular citizen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Meanwhile, Antonio, typical of many not-so-bright souls of Venice, demonstrates an irrational spirit that risks his own life for some impetuous emotional attachment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Yes, fellow citizens<sup>regular<\/sup>, we are not&nbsp;<em>the rational creatures that the coming Enlightenment will claim us to be.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Shakespeare played it first.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0174 Santner dances around this.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>The early modern dual body of the king<\/em>&nbsp;explicitly accepted the suprasovereign presence of Christ, honoring it by pathetic imitation.&nbsp;&nbsp;<em>The modern formulation of a mercantilist political economy<\/em>&nbsp;occludes&nbsp;<em>the suprasovereign presence of Christ<\/em>.&nbsp;&nbsp;It extols&nbsp;<em>this lack of perspective<\/em>&nbsp;with a doxology of crowns.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0175 In fact, as Portia argued,&nbsp;<em>a mercantilist political economy<\/em>&nbsp;productively functions only within&nbsp;<em>the perspective of Christ<\/em>.&nbsp;&nbsp;Christians are not humiliated (as Antonio was) by industriousness.&nbsp;&nbsp;Christians will not lend money to fools (as Shylock did).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Yes, Portia speaks rightly.&nbsp;&nbsp;A rational spirit defines the Christian citizen.&nbsp;&nbsp;The Christian citizen exhibits a sane soul.&nbsp;&nbsp;Contracts are valid only when both parties are not crazy.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>0147 Shall I continue with the lecture? The productivity of spectral material&nbsp;confounds everyone. 0148 Benjamin Franklin captured the confounding when he compared the productivity of a sow to a king.&nbsp;&nbsp;Murder a sow and lose future generations of pigs.&nbsp;&nbsp;Murder a crown (power) and end up losing future crowns (money). The confounding ties together natural (reproduction, manufacture) [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[417],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-10590","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-book-review"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Looking at Eric Santner\u2019s Book (2016)\u00a0The Weight of All Flesh\u00a0(Part 8 of 28) - An Archaeology of the Fall<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/?p=10590\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Looking at Eric Santner\u2019s Book (2016)\u00a0The Weight of All Flesh\u00a0(Part 8 of 28) - An Archaeology of the Fall\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"0147 Shall I continue with the lecture? The productivity of spectral material&nbsp;confounds everyone. 0148 Benjamin Franklin captured the confounding when he compared the productivity of a sow to a king.&nbsp;&nbsp;Murder a sow and lose future generations of pigs.&nbsp;&nbsp;Murder a crown (power) and end up losing future crowns (money). 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The productivity of spectral material&nbsp;confounds everyone. 0148 Benjamin Franklin captured the confounding when he compared the productivity of a sow to a king.&nbsp;&nbsp;Murder a sow and lose future generations of pigs.&nbsp;&nbsp;Murder a crown (power) and end up losing future crowns (money). 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