{"id":10584,"date":"2026-06-22T08:00:00","date_gmt":"2026-06-22T08:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/?p=10584"},"modified":"2025-12-14T15:32:51","modified_gmt":"2025-12-14T15:32:51","slug":"looking-at-eric-santners-book-2016-the-weight-of-all-flesh-part-7-of-28","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/?p=10584","title":{"rendered":"Looking at Eric Santner\u2019s Book (2016)\u00a0The Weight of All Flesh\u00a0(Part 7 of 28)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>0123 In the historical sequence of Santner\u2019s two interscopes,&nbsp;<em>the original perspective level of Christianity as a suprasovereign religion<\/em>&nbsp;is increasingly occluded.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In late medieval and early modern political theology, the king became pastor as well as sovereign.&nbsp;&nbsp;This point is explicit in Thomas Hobbes\u2019&nbsp;<em>Leviathan<\/em>&nbsp;(1651 AD).&nbsp;&nbsp;The famous Peace of Westphalia (1648 AD) declared that the sovereign determines which Christian factions may congregate within the realm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In middle and late modern political economy, citizen<sup>Marat<\/sup>&nbsp;substitutes for the mortal body of the king.&nbsp;&nbsp;Christianity is completely occluded.&nbsp;&nbsp;The immanence of the organization tier is made transcendent through ideological critique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0124 Finally, Eric Santner\u2019s style may be described as&nbsp;<em>directed association<\/em>, similar to&nbsp;<em>the free association that characterizes Freud\u2019s analytic dyad<\/em>.&nbsp;&nbsp;In my reading of these associations, both the society tier and the 3-tier system come into play.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0125 The 3-tier system looks like this:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Slide13-1.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Slide13-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10585\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Slide13-1.png 600w, https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Slide13-1-300x225.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Each label designates a nested form.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0126 So far,&nbsp;<em>the elements that stand out<\/em>&nbsp;associate with&nbsp;<em>what communists call \u201ccapitalism\u201d<\/em>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<em>what I call \u201cmercantilism\u201d<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0127 Here are the nested forms that stand out:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Slide14.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Slide14.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10586\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Slide14.png 600w, https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Slide14-300x225.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>0128 Now, let me examine the lectures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0129 What is the subject matter of the term \u201cpolitical economy\u201d?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The subject matter demands&nbsp;<em>a special sort of materialism<\/em>.&nbsp;&nbsp;A surplus of matter, similar to (if not derived from) the sublime body of the king, is entangled with the pursuit of the national wealth (mercantilism).&nbsp;&nbsp;This surplus transforms&nbsp;<em>the rational pursuit of ends<\/em>&nbsp;into&nbsp;<em>a drive<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0130 Santner calls this matter \u201cimproper\u201d.&nbsp;&nbsp;This surplus is \u201cdirty\u201d.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dirt is&nbsp;<em>matter in the wrong place<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>From a Freudian point of view, it is almost like excrement.&nbsp;&nbsp;<em>Producing it<\/em>&nbsp;is a secret pleasure.&nbsp;&nbsp;Otherwise, no one wants to deal with it.&nbsp;&nbsp;It needs to be managed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Oh, and by the way, the English translators turned Freud\u2019s word \u201cit\u201d into \u201cid\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0131 What about the qualifying word \u201csubject\u201d?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Santner recalls Jacques Derrida\u2019s deconstruction, entitled&nbsp;<em>The Specters of Marx<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0132 Marx conjures the specter of communism.&nbsp;&nbsp;Derrida associates this apparition to the spookiness of Shakespeare\u2019s&nbsp;<em>Hamlet<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The liminal element,&nbsp;<em>value (informs) price,<\/em>&nbsp;exhibits a spectral materiality similar to the ghost of the murdered king.&nbsp;&nbsp;Value makes actual&nbsp;<em>the potential within a commodity<\/em>.&nbsp;&nbsp;This is very similar to&nbsp;<em>the way that kingly values informed the mortal body of the late medieval and early modern king<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0133&nbsp;<em>Value<\/em>&nbsp;accounts for&nbsp;<em>the price of a commodity in the modern world<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>If the price is greater than corporate and regulatory costs, there is surplus value and the organization continues to do&nbsp;<em>what it is doing<\/em>.&nbsp;&nbsp;I call this \u201ccongelation\u201d.&nbsp;&nbsp;If the price is less than corporate and regulatory costs, there is no surplus value and the organization suffers.&nbsp;&nbsp;I call this \u201cliquidation\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0134 Value accounts for&nbsp;<em>the royal surplus contained in the mortal body of the king<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>If the mortal body exhibits&nbsp;<em>the qualities of kingliness<\/em>, as defined by&nbsp;<em>the expectations engendered in the subjects by the current political theology,<\/em>&nbsp;then the king grows in stature.&nbsp;&nbsp;If the mortal body of the king fails, through various shortcomings, then the king shrinks in stature.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>When the king dies, the question arises: What do we do with the sublime body of the king?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The answer is: Let\u2019s build an effigy and place it on the throne until the next king takes over.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0135 Weirdly, the Bible also tells of&nbsp;<em>value<\/em>&nbsp;as&nbsp;<em>a surplus of immanence<\/em>.&nbsp;&nbsp;Biblical writers called it \u201cidolatry\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Late medieval Gnostics fashioned their theories of&nbsp;<em>the sublime body of the king<\/em>&nbsp;from&nbsp;<em>what was available to them<\/em>.&nbsp;&nbsp;So, they idolized all sorts of expressions of royalty, including the lineage of the royal family.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Did&nbsp;<em>the kings of Judah<\/em>&nbsp;have&nbsp;<em>sublime bodies?<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Read the Bible to see.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0136 Postmodern philosopher Slavoj Zizek says, \u201cWe must strike at something other than what\u2019s there.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This is the job of a messiah, who is capable of altering&nbsp;<em>the potential that underlies value<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0137 How does idolatry work?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Why is the king so special?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Why does a commodity have a particular price?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0138 The answer is found in the word \u201cfetish\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A fetish connects&nbsp;<em>an invisible value&nbsp;<\/em>to<em>&nbsp;a real thing<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0139 Fetish empowers Jacques Lacan\u2019s&nbsp;<em>petit objet a<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Petit objet a<\/em>&nbsp;is&nbsp;<em>a little piece of the Real that cannot be hidden by reality<\/em>.&nbsp;&nbsp;Ghosts are great examples.&nbsp;&nbsp;So are wedding rings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The mortal body of the king, then, would be a&nbsp;<em>petit objet a<\/em>, a little piece of the Real that is connected to the values of kingliness.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>If I toured kingdoms in the Late Middle Ages, asking people about the qualities of the king, I would get a list of adjectives that may, or may not, describe the mortal body of, say, England\u2019s Charles I.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Charles I was a nice guy, the very opposite of a king.&nbsp;&nbsp;He would have made a great subject.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0140 Similarly, the price of a commodity is a<em>&nbsp;petit objet a<\/em>, a little piece of the Real connected to the capricious values of say&#8230; fashion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Fashion values inform price.&nbsp;&nbsp;It pays to be in demand.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But what is demand?&nbsp;&nbsp;It arises from&nbsp;<em>a potential supplied by the presence of the commodity itself, plus the potential of a buyer<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Remember that the category of firstness follows the logic of inclusion and allows contradictions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0141 The Baroque scholastics got into this mess with the question: What is mind-dependent being?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mind-dependent being accounts for our connection to mind-independent being.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Similarly,&nbsp;<em>spectral value<\/em>&nbsp;accounts for both&nbsp;<em>the mortal body of the king<\/em>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<em>the price of commodities<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0142 So, what does this have to do with the word \u201cfetish\u201d?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>A fetish<\/em>&nbsp;is&nbsp;<em>the contiguity of value with a petit objet a<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0143&nbsp;<em>An<\/em>&nbsp;<em>objective<\/em>&nbsp;<em>value<\/em>&nbsp;connects with&nbsp;<em>the subjective matter of a petit objet a<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The contiguity allows signification.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A<em>&nbsp;petit objet a<\/em>&nbsp;stands for&nbsp;<em>an objective value<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0144 Fetish appears in the situation levels of the society tier, the organization tier and, by extension, the individual in community tier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Here is how I see fetish appearing in the 3-tier system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Slide15.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Slide15.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10587\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Slide15.png 600w, https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Slide15-300x225.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>A fetish&nbsp;<em>informs<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Now, let me go from thirdness to firstness.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0145 Third, citizen<sup>Marat<\/sup>&nbsp;occupies the situation level in the society tier.&nbsp;&nbsp;Citizen<sup>Marat<\/sup>&nbsp;labels&nbsp;<em>a fetish about sovereign actions, laws and decrees<\/em>.&nbsp;&nbsp;The fetish idolizes&nbsp;<em>an organizational objective within a sovereign religion<\/em>.&nbsp;&nbsp;Citizen<sup>Marat<\/sup>\u2019s actions are the&nbsp;<em>petit object a<\/em>&nbsp;to&nbsp;<em>the spectral value of biopower<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Second,&nbsp;<em>the commodity fetish<\/em>&nbsp;occupies the situation level of the organization tier.&nbsp;&nbsp;The price is&nbsp;<em>petit objet a<\/em>&nbsp;to&nbsp;<em>the spectral value of say&#8230; fashion<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>First, the situation level in the iic tier is&nbsp;<em>me in the situation, trying to figure it out<\/em>.&nbsp;&nbsp;Theoretically, my reckonings and phantasms may be described as a fetish, where spectral values account for my views and attitudes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I may be either sane (citizen<sup>regular<\/sup>) or insane (citizen<sup>Marat<\/sup>).&nbsp;&nbsp;If sane, I participate in the organization tier.&nbsp;&nbsp;If insane, I strive to occupy a position in the society tier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0146 Thus, a feedback loop becomes apparent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Slide16-1.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Slide16-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10588\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Slide16-1.png 600w, https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/Slide16-1-300x225.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Is this the subject matter of the political economy?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>0123 In the historical sequence of Santner\u2019s two interscopes,&nbsp;the original perspective level of Christianity as a suprasovereign religion&nbsp;is increasingly occluded. In late medieval and early modern political theology, the king became pastor as well as sovereign.&nbsp;&nbsp;This point is explicit in Thomas Hobbes\u2019&nbsp;Leviathan&nbsp;(1651 AD).&nbsp;&nbsp;The famous Peace of Westphalia (1648 AD) declared that the sovereign determines which [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[417],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-10584","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-book-review"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Looking at Eric Santner\u2019s Book (2016)\u00a0The Weight of All Flesh\u00a0(Part 7 of 28) - An Archaeology of the Fall<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/?p=10584\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Looking at Eric Santner\u2019s Book (2016)\u00a0The Weight of All Flesh\u00a0(Part 7 of 28) - An Archaeology of the Fall\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"0123 In the historical sequence of Santner\u2019s two interscopes,&nbsp;the original perspective level of Christianity as a suprasovereign religion&nbsp;is increasingly occluded. 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