{"id":10525,"date":"2026-05-07T08:00:00","date_gmt":"2026-05-07T08:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/?p=10525"},"modified":"2025-11-08T16:43:39","modified_gmt":"2025-11-08T16:43:39","slug":"semiotics-and-history-is-a-fully-online-course-within-razie-mahs-blogs-this-strand-covers-the-baroque-scholatics-and-early-modernism","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/?p=10525","title":{"rendered":"Looking at Daniel Novotny\u2019s Essay (2017)\u00a0Izquierdo on Universals\u00a0(Part 1 of 6)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>0267 What are universals? Why are they important?&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the Spring 2017 issue of the American Catholic Philosophical Quarterly (vol. 91(2) pages 227-249), Daniel Novotny examines Disputation 17 of the Baroque scholastic treatise,&nbsp;<em>The Lighthouse of the Sciences<\/em>&nbsp;(1659).&nbsp;&nbsp;The title of Novotny\u2019s article is&nbsp;<em>Sebastian Izquierdo on Universals: A Way Beyond Realism and Nominalism<\/em>.&nbsp;&nbsp;These comments intend to demonstrate the postmodern relevance of this work using the category-based nested form.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-vivid-cyan-blue-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-eb8bc265de558e5f5814015382ea8b5c\">The student should obtain the article from online.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0268 Oh, back to the starting questions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Some things are similar to one another.&nbsp;&nbsp;Universals grow out of this impression.&nbsp;&nbsp;Various things can share in certain universals, to the exclusion of other things.&nbsp;&nbsp;In this very brief paper, Daniel Novotny reviews and summarizes the theory of universals proposed by the Spanish Baroque scholastic, Sebastian Izquierdo, SJ (1600-1681 AD).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Izquierdo\u2019s life overlaps with the northern European authors who mark the dawn of&nbsp;<em>the Age of Ideas,<\/em>&nbsp;including Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) and Rene Descartes (1596-1650).&nbsp;&nbsp;His life also overlaps with theorists marking the twilight of the Latin Age, including Francisco Suarexz (1548-1617) and John Poinsot (1589-1644).&nbsp;&nbsp;Our current age is born at this time.&nbsp;&nbsp;This is&nbsp;<em>the moment to which we must return<\/em>&nbsp;in order to come to terms with our era.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0269 Daniel Novotny is not unfamiliar with the Baroque philosophers.&nbsp;&nbsp;I commented on his full-length book,&nbsp;<em>Ens Rationis: From Suarez to Caramuel<\/em>, published in 2013.&nbsp;&nbsp;Novotny\u2019s exposition is so clear that constructing (inevitably messy) category-based nested forms came easy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>My comments wove a story into his presentation, starting with&nbsp;<em>the dichotomy of fact versus fiction<\/em>&nbsp;and ending with&nbsp;<em>an intimation of postmodern social construction<\/em>.&nbsp;&nbsp;This narrative adds value by connecting Baroque scholasticism and our present, postmodern, world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0270 As for the article under examination, Novotny begins with a caveat.&nbsp;&nbsp;Baroque philosophy and theology is a complex tapestry, filled with commentary and references.&nbsp;&nbsp;One can easily get lost in this forest of questions and answers.&nbsp;&nbsp;Typically, an entire text must be examined in order to configure an author\u2019s opinion, if distinct from all others.&nbsp;&nbsp;Since such effort is very difficult and time consuming, Novotny limits this publication to a careful examination of Disputation 17 of Izquierdo\u2019s major philosophical work,&nbsp;<em>The Lighthouse of the Sciences<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Disputation 17 presents Izquierdo\u2019s theory of universals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0271 The table of contents for&nbsp;<em>The Lighthouse of the Sciences<\/em>&nbsp;is organized in a novel way, portending substantial differences from traditional doctrines and methods.&nbsp;&nbsp;In Disputation 17, Izquierdo considers three questions.&nbsp;&nbsp;To me, these questions sound postmodern.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Q1. What are universals?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Q2. Are some universals independent of the intellect?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Q3. If universals are intellect dependent, what is their nature?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0272 To the first question, Izquierdo offers four meanings:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Slide01-1.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Slide01-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10526\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Slide01-1.png 600w, https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Slide01-1-300x225.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>0273 Let me supply an example from Eric Santner\u2019s (2016) book,&nbsp;<em>The Weight of All Flesh<\/em>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0274 During late medieval and early modern times, political theologians proposed that the king had two bodies.&nbsp;&nbsp;One was mortal.&nbsp;&nbsp;The other was glorious.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>When a king died, his mortal body was quickly buried.&nbsp;&nbsp;An effigy (representing the king\u2019s glorious body) was manufactured and placed on the throne until the coronation of a new king.&nbsp;&nbsp;Then, the effigy was buried in a separate funeral.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0275&nbsp;<em>The glorious body of the king<\/em>&nbsp;is&nbsp;<em>a universal with four meanings<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Slide02-1.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Slide02-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10527\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Slide02-1.png 600w, https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Slide02-1-300x225.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>0276 The last meaning is particularly twisted.&nbsp;&nbsp;The universal, in its proper sense, cannot be a particular.&nbsp;&nbsp;Yet, here is a particular effigy that becomes a symbol of the king\u2019s glorious body.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>According to C. S. Peirce, a symbol is&nbsp;<em>a sign based on tradition, convention, law, consensus and so on<\/em>.&nbsp;&nbsp;Here, a political and theological consensus connects a sign-object (the king\u2019s glorious body) to a sign-vehicle (an effigy of the deceased king).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0277 In Peirce\u2019s semiotic terminology, the scholastic term \u201cobjective concept\u201d portrays&nbsp;<em>the union of a sign-vehicle and sign-object<\/em>.&nbsp;&nbsp;The term \u201cobjective precision\u201d reflects&nbsp;<em>the operation of a sign-interpretant<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0278 In the terminology of the nested form, \u201cobjective concept\u201d belongs to secondness, the realm of actuality.&nbsp;&nbsp;\u201cObjective precision\u201d belongs thirdness and firstness, the realms of normal context and possibility, respectively.&nbsp;&nbsp;<em>An objective concept<\/em>&nbsp;is&nbsp;<em>a mind-dependent being<\/em>.&nbsp;&nbsp;<em>Objective precision<\/em>&nbsp;is&nbsp;<em>a formal act of the intellect<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0279 For example, in Shakespeare\u2019s&nbsp;<em>Hamlet<\/em>, a murderous uncle gains the throne and becomes king (objective concept).&nbsp;&nbsp;Unfortunately, the ghost of Hamlet\u2019s father (the glorious body of the deceased king) appears, calling Hamlet to reject his uncle\u2019s claims (through objective precision).&nbsp;&nbsp;Hamlet\u2019s uncle has no nobility.&nbsp;&nbsp;Therefore, his uncle is not king (and does not have a glorious body, since the glorious body of Hamlet\u2019s father haunts the world).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0280 This dramatic call to judgment may be depicted as&nbsp;<em>a relation between what is and what ought to be<\/em>.&nbsp;&nbsp;Indeed, I define<em>&nbsp;the actuality of judgment&nbsp;<\/em>as&nbsp;<em>this triadic relation<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0281 Here is a diagram.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Slide03-1.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Slide03-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10528\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Slide03-1.png 600w, https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Slide03-1-300x225.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>0267 What are universals? Why are they important?&nbsp; In the Spring 2017 issue of the American Catholic Philosophical Quarterly (vol. 91(2) pages 227-249), Daniel Novotny examines Disputation 17 of the Baroque scholastic treatise,&nbsp;The Lighthouse of the Sciences&nbsp;(1659).&nbsp;&nbsp;The title of Novotny\u2019s article is&nbsp;Sebastian Izquierdo on Universals: A Way Beyond Realism and Nominalism.&nbsp;&nbsp;These comments intend to demonstrate [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[619,58,592,254],"tags":[62,628,39,525,589,547,183,590,623,29,629,119,245,621,55,586,620,468,624,124,530,550,44,627,626,625,585,630],"class_list":["post-10525","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-confounding","category-hylomorphism-and-secondness","category-semiotics-and-history","category-triadic-structure-of-judgment","tag-aristotle","tag-baroque-scholasticism","tag-category-based-nested-form","tag-charles-peirce","tag-confounding","tag-empirio-schematics","tag-ens-rationis","tag-entanglement","tag-ferdinand-saussure","tag-first-singularity","tag-frascisco-suarez","tag-human-evolution","tag-hylomorphe","tag-incorporation","tag-interscope","tag-juri-lotman","tag-kalevi-kull","tag-lebenswelt","tag-peircean-categories","tag-philosophy","tag-positivists-judgment-2","tag-razie-mah","tag-science","tag-semiotics-and-history","tag-slavic-civilization","tag-sphere-of-understanding","tag-tartu-moscow-school-of-semiotics","tag-universal"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Looking at Daniel Novotny\u2019s Essay (2017)\u00a0Izquierdo on Universals\u00a0(Part 1 of 6) - An Archaeology of the Fall<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"A universal must be \u201csomething\u201d that characterizes every member of a category. 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