{"id":10486,"date":"2026-05-16T08:00:00","date_gmt":"2026-05-16T08:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/?p=10486"},"modified":"2025-11-08T15:53:38","modified_gmt":"2025-11-08T15:53:38","slug":"looking-at-daniel-novotnys-book-2013-ens-rationis-from-suarez-to-caramuel-part-12-of-19","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/?p=10486","title":{"rendered":"Looking at Daniel Novotny\u2019s Book (2013) &#8220;Ens Rationis from Suarez to Caramuel&#8221;\u00a0(Part 12 of 19)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>0138 Francisco Suarez, S.J., is born in 1548 AD and died in 1617.&nbsp;&nbsp;He starts teaching at Salamanca College in 1570.&nbsp;&nbsp;He moves on to other universities.&nbsp;&nbsp;Pedro Hurtado de Mendoza, S.J., is a young colleague of Suarez at Salamanca College.&nbsp;&nbsp;He considers&nbsp;<em>beings of reason<\/em>&nbsp;in two efforts, once in 1615 and again in 1624.&nbsp;&nbsp;The first version of Disputation 19 is five thousand words long.&nbsp;&nbsp;The second version is thirteen thousand words long.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0139 Hurtado starts by confirming Suarez\u2019s divisions:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>H1D1: Beings of reason fall into privations, negations and relations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0140 He then contends:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>H1N4: There are beings of reason.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>H1N2: A \u2018being of reason\u2019 is&nbsp;<em>what has merely objective being in the intellect<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>H1N1: Extrinsic denomination is necessary, but not sufficient, for something to be a being of reason.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Slide28.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Slide28.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10487\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Slide28.png 600w, https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Slide28-300x225.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>0141 Hurtado steps right into Suarez\u2019s thought experiment.&nbsp;&nbsp;Or should I say, \u201cmadness\u201d?&nbsp;&nbsp;He places an explicit abstraction,&nbsp;<em>the \u2018being of reason\u2019 defined as<\/em>&nbsp;\u2018<em>a nonbeing thought of in the manner of being\u2019<\/em>, right into the slot designated for&nbsp;<em>a real being<sub>2a<\/sub><\/em>.&nbsp;&nbsp;The technical term for this placement is \u201cextrinsic denomination\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0142 Then, before I can scream, \u201cNo!&nbsp;&nbsp;This is a booby trap,\u201d Hurtado\u2019s efficient intellect<sub>2b<\/sub>&nbsp;has grasped this apparently real being<sub>2a<\/sub>&nbsp;and generated the second element in&nbsp;<em>the dyad of actuality<sub>2a<\/sub><\/em>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>H1N3: A \u2018being of reason\u2019 is a false proposition&nbsp;<em>thought of in the manner of being true<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Slide29.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Slide29.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10488\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Slide29.png 600w, https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Slide29-300x225.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>H1N5: \u2018Beings of reason\u2019 are completely dependent on actual mental acts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0143 Here is a model for the actual mental act:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Slide30.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Slide30.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10489\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Slide30.png 600w, https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Slide30-300x225.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>H1C1: \u2018Beings of reason\u2019 are constituted by false mental acts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0144 So, this model must be situated by the possibility of falsehood.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Slide31.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Slide31.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10490\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Slide31.png 600w, https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Slide31-300x225.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>0145 The situation must be put into perspective.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>H1N6: Some beings of reason can be actualized in reality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0146 A good example is the being<sup>in reason<\/sup><sub>2a<\/sub>&nbsp;of&nbsp;<em>my feeling that the&nbsp;Athena will arrive with its cargo intact<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>H1C2: Beings<sup>in reason<\/sup><sub>2a<\/sub>&nbsp;are made of false statements.&nbsp;&nbsp;The false statements may be necessary or contingent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0147 Hmmm.&nbsp;&nbsp;The potential of falsehood<sub>1b<\/sub>&nbsp;is taking a life of its own.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Slide32.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Slide32.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10491\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Slide32.png 600w, https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Slide32-300x225.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>0148 Self-contradictions make certain&nbsp;<em>the possibility of falsehood<sub>1b<\/sub><\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>H1N8:&nbsp;<em>True judgments about self-contradictory beings<\/em>&nbsp;must presuppose that they are composed of false statements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>H1N7 and 9: Self-contradictory beings are not \u2018beings of reason\u2019.&nbsp;&nbsp;They are pure nothingness.&nbsp;&nbsp;No, that is not it.&nbsp;&nbsp;They are&nbsp;<em>fictitious beings<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0149 This provides nuance to the previous interscope.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Slide33.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Slide33.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10492\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Slide33.png 600w, https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Slide33-300x225.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>0150 Falsehood<sub>1b<\/sub>&nbsp;is&nbsp;<em>a way to deny realness<sub>1b<\/sub><\/em>.&nbsp;&nbsp;<em>Another way to deny realness<sub>1b<\/sub><\/em>&nbsp;is labeled \u201cfiction\u201d.&nbsp;&nbsp;This logic implies that truth is&nbsp;<em>a way to affirm realness<sub>1b<\/sub><\/em>.&nbsp;&nbsp;<em>Another way to affirm realness<sub>1b<\/sub><\/em>&nbsp;has a label, as well.&nbsp;&nbsp;It is called \u201cfact\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0151 According to Hurtado, facts are not beings<sup>in_reason<\/sup>. They are beings because they affirm&nbsp;<em>the referent that they correspond to<\/em>.&nbsp;&nbsp;Fictions are a peculiar sort of real being, because they pretend to affirm&nbsp;<em>the referent that they correspond to<\/em>.&nbsp;&nbsp;Thus, the whole discussion comes to a judgment.&nbsp;&nbsp;This judgment values true over false.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Slide34.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Slide34.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-10493\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Slide34.png 600w, https:\/\/www.raziemah.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Slide34-300x225.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>0152 This judgment has some notable features.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Previously,&nbsp;<em>whatever went into the slot for encountered being<sub>2a<\/sub><\/em><sub>&nbsp;<\/sub>became \u2018what it is\u2019.&nbsp;&nbsp;Suarez did not mention this connection.&nbsp;&nbsp;He assumed it.&nbsp;&nbsp;Now, the explicitly abstracted term, \u201cfacts\u201d, designates \u2018what is\u2019.&nbsp;&nbsp;Thus, Hurtado concludes that facts are not \u2018beings of reason\u2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0153 The being<sup>in reason<\/sup><sub>2a<\/sub>&nbsp;remains \u2018what it ought to be\u2019.&nbsp;&nbsp;Since judgment presents it solely within&nbsp;<em>the metric of true versus false<\/em>, the \u2018being of reason\u2019 becomes false.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0154&nbsp;<em>The entire relation between \u2018what it is\u2019 and \u2018what it ought to be\u2019<\/em>&nbsp;remains the occasion for an implicit abstraction.&nbsp;&nbsp;However, this abstraction entails&nbsp;<em>a valuation of the quality of a speech-alone statement<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For Hurtado\u2019s first version of Disputation 19,\u00a0<em>the axis of true versus false<\/em>\u00a0brings\u00a0<em>the \u2018what is\u2019 of fact<\/em>\u00a0into relation with<em>the \u2018what ought\u00a0<strong>not<\/strong>\u00a0to be\u2019 of fiction<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>0155 To me, that fits the word \u201cdefinition\u201d.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>0138 Francisco Suarez, S.J., is born in 1548 AD and died in 1617.&nbsp;&nbsp;He starts teaching at Salamanca College in 1570.&nbsp;&nbsp;He moves on to other universities.&nbsp;&nbsp;Pedro Hurtado de Mendoza, S.J., is a young colleague of Suarez at Salamanca College.&nbsp;&nbsp;He considers&nbsp;beings of reason&nbsp;in two efforts, once in 1615 and again in 1624.&nbsp;&nbsp;The first version of Disputation 19 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[417],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-10486","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-book-review"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - 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